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Letter to the Editor| Volume 86, ISSUE 3, e78-e79, March 2023

Commentary on the impact of the COVID-19 passports in Lithuania

Published:December 20, 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.013
Commentary on the impact of the COVID-19 passports in Lithuania
Previous ArticleFlattening the curve: imperative when China eases the severe COVID-19 control policy

      Highlights

      • •
        With the COVID-19 passports, Lithuania had the highest excess mortality in the Baltic region.
      • •
        There is no scientific evidence that COVID-19 passports prevented deaths in Lithuania.
      • •
        The mathematical assessment demonstrating the benefits of the COVID-19 passports is inappropriate.
      • •
        There is no scientific evidence that COVID-19 passports could help control future epidemics.

      Graphical abstract

      Image, graphical abstract
      Graphical Abstract
      Dear Editor
      We bring to your attention the Letter to the Editor “Evaluating the potential impact of COVID-19 passports in Lithuania” from Stankunas et al.

      M. Stankūnas, A. Džiugys, G. Skarbalius, E. Misiulis, R. Navakas, Evaluating the potential impact of COVID-19 passports in Lithuania. J Infect. 2022, dOi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.039, Published: June 1.

      Stankunas et al. insist that “Lithuania has been relatively successful in managing the first peak of a COVID-19 outbreak”, referring to the low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, it indicates just the initial stage of the pandemic. Successful management implies minimal excess morbidity and mortality with as low as possible long-term consequences to public health. The authors claim that studies from other countries have reported a similar positive impact of COVID-19 passports on epidemiological trends, but they refer to a Lancet publication on the relationship between the introduction of COVID-19 certification and vaccine uptake. They also cite a pre-print of a working paper on estimations not assessed by reviewers.

      Missing explanation of the real situation in Lithuania

      The COVID-19 passports in Lithuania (September 13, 2021 – February 4, 2022) deprived non-holders of basal human rights including certain professional activities and studying.
      The idea for COVID-19 passports is based on a false claim that vaccination prevents the transmission of COVID-19. The randomized controlled clinical trials did not test the effect of vaccines on COVID-19 transmission.

      Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 7948 of 28.10.2022 amending the marketing authorisation granted by Decision C(2022) 7342 for “Comirnaty - tozinameran, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside-modified)”, (2022) 7948 of 28 Oct 2022, Annex I (Summary of Product Characteristics). Brussels: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2022/20221028157644/anx_157644_en.pdf.

      ,
      • Doshi P.
      Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us.
      BMJ. 2020; : 371https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4037
      Mortality did not serve as their endpoint.

      Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 7948 of 28.10.2022 amending the marketing authorisation granted by Decision C(2022) 7342 for “Comirnaty - tozinameran, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside-modified)”, (2022) 7948 of 28 Oct 2022, Annex I (Summary of Product Characteristics). Brussels: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2022/20221028157644/anx_157644_en.pdf.

      ,
      • Doshi P.
      Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us.
      BMJ. 2020; : 371https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4037
      Recent studies demonstrated that the number of COVID-19 cases in vaccinated vs unvaccinated individuals is not significantly different.

      A. Singanayagam, S. Hakki, J. Dunning, K.J. Madon, M.A. Crone, A. Koycheva. Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022 Feb;22(2):183-195. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4.

      In the United Kingdom, the number of COVID-19 cases in vaccinated people was lower several months following the initial vaccination/booster but later it turned out to be higher.
      UK Health Security Agency
      COVID-19 Vaccine surveillance report.
      UK Health Security Agency, 2022
      In Lithuania, vaccinated people could freely participate in all events without any limit on crowding. In this way, COVID-19 passports might have contributed to the COVID-19 spread.
      Stankunas et al. assumed that people begin to avoid contact when the number of COVID-19 cases and the consequences of COVID-19 exceed the psychological threshold. However, all infection waves follow the same pattern; changes in human behavior or non-pharmacological interventions such as COVID-19 passports may flatten the curve, but they cannot stop any wave. The article we criticize neither explains reasons to consider 1000 as a psychological threshold nor how COVID-19 passports could be involved in setting it. In the absence of that, the model is based on non-existing data. Only herd immunity can explain the decline of both delta and omicron waves (Fig. 1).
      Fig 1
      Fig. 1Delta and omicron waves (7-day rolling average of daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases in Lithuania).

      E. Mathieu, H. Ritchie, L. Rodés-Guirao, C. Appel, C. Giattino, J. Hasell et al. (2020) - "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus' [Online Resource]. Accessed on 12 October 2022.

      The assumption that COVID-19 passports stopped the delta wave at the phase of exponential growth neglects the basal principle of infection spread.
      • Law K.B.
      • Peariasamy M.
      • Mohd Ibrahim K.
      • Abdullah N.H.
      Modelling infectious diseases with herd immunity in a randomly mixed population.
      Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 20574https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00013-2
      Stankunas et al. accepted the time relation between the introduction of COVID-19 passports and the decline in the effective reproduction rate of COVID-19 as proof of causation explaining the delay by human behavior inertia. However, the COVID-19 passports prohibited certain activities from the first day of the application rather than targeting behavior.
      Lithuania recorded the highest excess mortality in the Baltic region during the period of the COVID-19 passports. The average excess mortality in countries with COVID-19 passports was 1.8 times higher (1184 vs 658, respectively, averages of countries in red vs. green; Fig. 2).
      Fig 2
      Fig. 2Excess mortality per 1000,000 inhabitants in the Baltic region from September 12, 2021, till February 4, 2022.

      E. Mathieu, H. Ritchie, L. Rodés-Guirao, C. Appel, C. Giattino, J. Hasell et al. (2020) - "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus' [Online Resource]. Accessed on 12 October 2022.

      The COVID-19 passports could even have contributed to high excess mortality, e.g., due to disturbed health services (some healthcare professionals rejected both COVID-19 vaccines and expensive COVID-19 testing, etc.).

      Missing public health dimensions

      An important principle of public health is to work so that individuals can make good choices for their health. Restricting rights based on COVID-19 passports undermine this principle. The COVID-19 models missed the public health dimension and overestimated the infection spread.
      • Brooks S.K.
      • Webster R.K.
      • Smith L.E.
      • Woodland L.
      • Wessely S.
      • Greenberg N.
      • Rubin G.J.
      The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a rapid review of the evidence.
      Lancet. 2020; 395 (Volume Issue 10227)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
      Exponential spread is a mechanical process, whereas people in a society observe, communicate, learn, and take precautions regardless of any prohibitions. The COVID-19 passports do not consider this, dehumanizing people to the point that we are only pawns in a puzzle. Epidemiological intervention is unavoidably constrained by social conditions and its deployment pursues supra-individual effects.

      Missing explanation of the validity of the modeling

      The Letter to the Editor used the SIR (Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered) model of the infection spread.
      • Iranzo V.
      • Pérez S.
      Epidemiological models, and COVID-19: a comparative view.
      Hist Philos Life Sci. 2021; 43: 104https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00457-9
      However, it is not validated for non-pharmaceutical interventions.
      Stankunas et al. considered both symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases reported. However, they neglected the probability of false-positive/false-negative tests as well as the fact that only some proportion of cases has been reported.
      In the classical SIR model, infected persons initially constitute a small proportion of the population. The number of new infections is proportional to the number of uninfected persons; therefore, the number of new infections grows exponentially. After reaching the peak, the number of uninfected persons decreases as well as the number of new infections. However, the authors of the Letter to the Editor assumed that the spread of the delta wave was stopped at the phase of exponential growth.

      Missing ethical considerations

      Finally, we found an elephant in the room unnoticed. Two authors declared that they are members of the Health Experts Council under the President. As the President was not involved in the decisions of the Government, the significance of this competing interest is low. However, MS did not disclose the critical direct interest: he was a member of the Advisory Board under the Government and favored COVID-19 passports.

      Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė (LRV). Atnaujinta Nepriklausomų ekspertų patariamosios tarybos sudėtis. Vilnius: LRV; 2021 Available at: https://lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/atnaujinta-nepriklausomu-ekspertu-patariamosios-tarybos-sudetis. Accessed on 28 November 2022.

      CRediT authorship contribution statement

      Rimas Jankunas: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Leonidas Sakalauskas: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft. Kristina Zamaryte-Sakaviciene: Writing – review & editing. Donatas Stakisaitis: Writing – review & editing. Migle Helmersen: Writing – review & editing.

      Declaration of Competing Interest

      The authors have no competing interests.

      Funding

      This research did not receive any funding.

      Appendix. Supplementary materials

      References

      1. M. Stankūnas, A. Džiugys, G. Skarbalius, E. Misiulis, R. Navakas, Evaluating the potential impact of COVID-19 passports in Lithuania. J Infect. 2022, dOi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.039, Published: June 1.

        View in Article

      2. Commission Implementing Decision C(2022) 7948 of 28.10.2022 amending the marketing authorisation granted by Decision C(2022) 7342 for “Comirnaty - tozinameran, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside-modified)”, (2022) 7948 of 28 Oct 2022, Annex I (Summary of Product Characteristics). Brussels: European Commission; https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2022/20221028157644/anx_157644_en.pdf.

        View in Article
        • Doshi P.
        Will covid-19 vaccines save lives? Current trials aren't designed to tell us.
        BMJ. 2020; : 371https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4037
        View in Article

      4. A. Singanayagam, S. Hakki, J. Dunning, K.J. Madon, M.A. Crone, A. Koycheva. Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022 Feb;22(2):183-195. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4.

        View in Article
      5. View in Article
      6. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1066759/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-13.pdf.
        View in Article

      7. E. Mathieu, H. Ritchie, L. Rodés-Guirao, C. Appel, C. Giattino, J. Hasell et al. (2020) - "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus' [Online Resource]. Accessed on 12 October 2022.

        View in Article
        • Law K.B.
        • Peariasamy M.
        • Mohd Ibrahim K.
        • Abdullah N.H.
        Modelling infectious diseases with herd immunity in a randomly mixed population.
        Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 20574https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00013-2
        View in Article
        • Brooks S.K.
        • Webster R.K.
        • Smith L.E.
        • Woodland L.
        • Wessely S.
        • Greenberg N.
        • Rubin G.J.
        The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: a rapid review of the evidence.
        Lancet. 2020; 395 (Volume Issue 10227)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
        View in Article
        • Iranzo V.
        • Pérez S.
        Epidemiological models, and COVID-19: a comparative view.
        Hist Philos Life Sci. 2021; 43: 104https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-021-00457-9
        View in Article

      11. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė (LRV). Atnaujinta Nepriklausomų ekspertų patariamosios tarybos sudėtis. Vilnius: LRV; 2021 Available at: https://lrv.lt/lt/naujienos/atnaujinta-nepriklausomu-ekspertu-patariamosios-tarybos-sudetis. Accessed on 28 November 2022.

        View in Article

      Article info

      Publication history

      Published online: December 20, 2022
      Accepted: December 6, 2022

      Footnotes

      1The literal name for COVID-19 passports in Lithuania was passports of Opportunities.

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.013

      Copyright

      © 2022 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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