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Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, FranceCenter for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR3569, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceNational Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, United KingdomPaediatric Pharmacology and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR3569, Université de Paris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, FranceNational Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, FranceLaboratoire de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Institut des Agents Infectieux, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004, Lyon, France
Two recent studies published in this journal focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers (HWs), the first one reported the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 carriage among HWs and the second, the clinical presentation of symptomatic HWs in order to identify new cases as early as possible and to stop nosocomial transmission
. The objective of the present study was to estimate within the hospital, the risk of in-hospital HWs infection following a high-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2-infected subject without personal protective equipment.
We conducted the CoV-CONTACT study, a prospective cohort which included HWs, hereafter referred to as “contacts” with an high risk exposure to an SARS-CoV-2-infected person (either a patient or a colleague) hereafter referred to as “index”, in the 1000 bed Bichat Claude Bernard University Hospital (Paris, France) between March, 3rd 2020 and April, 27th 2020
. Exposure was considered to be at high-risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission if it occurred i) face-to-face, within one meter and without protective surgical or FFP2/N95 mask, and ii) during a discussion or while the index had an episode of coughing or sneezing, and iii) in the 72 h prior to, or following the virological diagnosis, or during the symptomatic period of the index.
Following exposure and upon written informed consent, daily symptoms were self-reported for 30 days; nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR were performed at inclusion and at days 3, 5, 7 and 12; SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology (LuLISA N and EuroIMMUN
) was assessed at inclusion and at day 30. Confirmed infection was defined by positive RT-PCR or seroconversion, and possible infection by one general and one specific symptom for two consecutive days. SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion was defined as the apparition of a positive SARS-CoV-2 serology at the D30 visit, or as an at least two-fold increase of the LuLISA signal or EuroIMMUN ratio between inclusion and day 30. The primary endpoint was confirmed or possible SARS-CoV-2 infection, hereafter referred to as “SARS-CoV-2 infection”.
The 146 analysed contacts were exposed to 42 COVID-19 index. No contacts worked in a front-line COVID-19 unit (Table 1). Exposure to patient decreased from 67.4% (56/83) before March, 18th (the date of the widespread use of masks in the hospital) to 15.9% (10/63) after March, 18th.
Table 1Characteristics of the 146 contacts with high-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2 included in the CoV-CONTACT cohort, according to the infection status at D30.
Variable
All contacts (N = 146)
Contacts with SARS-CoV-2 infection (N = 63)
Contacts with no SARS-CoV-2 infection (N = 83)
OR [95%CI]
p-value
aOR [95%CI]
p-value
Contact characteristics
Age (year)
35 [29;46] (N = 146)
35 [28.5;45.5] (N = 63)
35 [30;47] (N = 83)
0.99 [0.96;1.02]
0.46
Male gender
35/146 (24%)
11/63 (17.5%)
24/83 (28.9%)
0.52 [0.23;1.14]
0.11
HW functions
Medical doctor / Resident / Midwife
49/146 (33.6%)
14/63 (22.2%)
35/83 (42.2%)
1 (ref)
–
1 (ref)
–
Registered nurse / Certified nurse assistant /Physiotherapists / Hospital Students
74/146 (50.7%)
36/63 (57.1%)
38/83 (45.8%)
2.37 [1.11;5.22]
0.028
1.76 [0.78;4.03]
0.18
Non-caregiver HWs
23/146 (15.8%)
13/63 (20.6%)
10/83 (12%)
3.25 [1.17;9.36]
0.025
4.06 [1.42;12.18]
0.010
Coexisting conditions
Obesity (BMI > 30 Kg/m²)
27/146 (18.5%)
13/63 (20.6%)
14/83 (16.9%)
1.28 [0.55;2.98]
0.56
Tobacco use
36/146 (24.7%)
17/63 (27%)
19/83 (22.9%)
1.24 [0.58;2.66]
0.57
Cardiopathy
8/146 (5.5%)
5/63 (7.9%)
3/83 (3.6%)
2.3 [0.54;11.57]
0.27
Chronic respiratory disease
21/146 (14.4%)
7/63 (11.1%)
14/83 (16.9%)
0.62 [0.22;1.59]
0.33
Chronic kidney disease
2/146 (1.4%)
2/63 (3.2%)
0/83 (0%)
NE
0.99
Diabete
1/146 (0.7%)
0/63 (0%)
1/83 (1.2%)
NE
0.99
Immusuppressive therapy
7/146 (4.8%)
4/63 (6.3%)
3/83 (3.6%)
1.81 [0.38;9.47]
0.45
Current pregnancy
1/111 (0.9%)
0/52 (0%)
1/59 (1.7%)
NE
0.99
Type of exposition
Contact with > 1 index
26/146 (17.8%)
13/63 (20.6%)
13/83 (15.7%)
1.4 [0.59 ;3.3]
0.44
Types of index subject
Contacts with infected HW(s) only
80/146 (54.8%)
27/63 (42.9%)
53/83 (63.9%)
1 (ref)
–
1 (ref)
–
Contacts with infected patient
66/146 (45.2%)
36/63 (57.1%)
30/83 (36.1%)
2.36 [1.21;4.65]
0.01
2.62 [1.24;5.71]
0.013
Maximal SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the index subject
9.3 [7.5;10.8] (N = 145)
10 [7.6;10.8] (N = 62)
8.7 [7.5;10.8] (N = 83)
1.1 [0.93;1.31]
0.25
Cumulated length of exposure > 30 min
98/143 (68.5%)
38/61 (62.3%)
60/82 (73.2%)
0.61 [0.3;1.23]
0.17
Exposure to infected patient (N = 66)
Care during an aerosol-generating procedure
6/66 (9.1%)
3/36 (8.3%)
3/30 (10%)
0.82 [0.14;4.73]
0.81
Care without aerosol-generating procedure
55/66 (83.3%)
30/36 (83.3%)
25/30 (83.3%)
1 [0.26;3.7]
1
Presence in the patient's room during an aerosol-generating procedure
Overall, 24 /146 contact subjects (16.4%, 95%CI [11.0%−23.7%]) had at least one SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab; 16/146 contact subjects (10.9%) had positive serology at inclusion which did not respond to the seroconversion definition, revealing a pre-existing infection and 31 additional contact subjects (21.2%, 95%CI [15.1%−28.9%]) exhibited a seroconversion at D30. Based on self-administered questionnaires, 59/146 contact subjects (40.4%, 95%CI [32.5%−48.9%]) met the definition of a clinical infection Fig. 1. Seven out of 24 subjects with positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal RT-PCR had a positive RT-PCR before the symptoms onset; the first positive nasopharyngeal RT-PCR was observed as early as six days before symptoms onset. At day 30, 63/146 contacts (43.2%, 95%CI [35.1%−51.6%]) had SARS-CoV-2 infection (confirmed in 35 (23.9%, 95%CI [17.5%; 31.9%]), and possible in 28 (19.2%, 95%CI [13.3%; 26.7%])). In the multivariable analysis, the variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were being a non-caregiver HW (aOR = 4.1, 95%CI [1.4; 12.2], p = 0.010) and being exposed to a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient (aOR = 2.6, 95%CI [1.2; 5.7], p = 0.013) rather to an infected colleague (Table 1).
Fig. 1Proportions of symptomatic contact subjects among the 146 contacts of the CoV-CONTACT cohort. The orange curve corresponds to contacts subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., virologically- or immunologically-proven, n = 35). The green curve corresponds to contacts subjects with possible SARS-CoV-2 infection (i.e., clinically-suspected without viro-immunological confirmation, n = 28).
Following universal masking for HWs on March, 18th in our hospital, high-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2-positive patients dropped by 4 and high-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2-positive colleagues became predominant, making colleagues-to-colleagues transmission a potentially major route of infection
. Of note, none of the exposures between a HW and a SARS-CoV-2 infected patient occurred in the front-line services where the mask was worn by all caregivers from the beginning of the epidemic. These exposures occurred, prior to universal masking, in second-line services in which patients had not been previously identified as COVID-19. The profession of the contact subjects was associated with infection, but we did not find any association with the type of activities of the HWs.
The 10.9% rate of HWs with SARS-Cov-2 antibodies at inclusion revealing a pre-existing infection while they were not working in front-line services, is close to the seroprevalence of 8.8% reported in the Paris area in the general population during this period
Santé Publique France. Point épidémiologie hebdomadaire. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/documents/bulletin-national/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-du-23-juillet-2020. Accessed July 28, 2020.
. In addition to these HWs already infected at inclusion, 31 others (21.2% of the total population) seroconverted at day 30.
We cannot state with certainty that contacts meeting the definition of confirmed infection acquired their infection as a result of the exposure leading to their inclusion in the study. There are several arguments in favor of the link between exposure and infection: the RT-PCR positivity within 12 days after contact, the chronology of symptom onset after contact, and the seroconversion rate observed within the 30 days following the exposure, which is much higher than that observed in the community between March and May 2020
Santé Publique France. Point épidémiologie hebdomadaire. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/documents/bulletin-national/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-du-23-juillet-2020. Accessed July 28, 2020.
. In addition, the subjects included were counseled to strictly adhere to protective measures to avoid any chain of transmission during the D0-D30 period, limiting the risk of further exposure.
All together, the rate of transmission observed in HWs after high-risk exposure, which could be as large as 43%, and close to a recent report
, strengthens the conclusion that universal masking of HW, both during contacts with patients and colleagues, and at all times, as soon as the epidemic has been identified, is essential to prevent HWs infection and maintain hospital capacities during outbreaks
Barriers and facilitators to healthcare workers' adherence with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases: a rapid qualitative evidence synthesis.
Santé Publique France. Point épidémiologie hebdomadaire. https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/maladies-et-traumatismes/maladies-et-infections-respiratoires/infection-a-coronavirus/documents/bulletin-national/covid-19-point-epidemiologique-du-23-juillet-2020. Accessed July 28, 2020.
Barriers and facilitators to healthcare workers' adherence with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines for respiratory infectious diseases: a rapid qualitative evidence synthesis.
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