Highlights
- •We estimated the extent of non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community pharmacies.
- •The pooled proportion of non-prescription supply of antibiotics was 62%.
- •Non-prescription supply of antibiotics was highest in South America.
- •Antibiotics were commonly supplied for acute and self-limiting conditions.
Summary
Objective
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Keywords
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of InfectionReferences
- Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data.Lancet Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 742-750
- Challenges of drug resistance in the developing world.BMJ. 2012; 344: e1567
- Antibiotic selection pressure and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes.Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10: 514-517
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf [Accessed 23 May 2017].
- Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 13: 1057-1098
- Trends in antibiotic use among outpatients in New Delhi, India.BMC Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 99
- Antibiotic resistance-The faceless threat.Int J Risk Saf Med. 2005; 17: 103-110
- Community pharmacists' knowledge, attitude, and practices towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription (DAwP): a cross-sectional survey in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia.Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 47: 95-100
- Occurrence and treatment of common health problems in a Nigerian community.J Young Pharm. 2012; 4: 49-53
- Selling antimicrobials without prescription - far beyond an administrative problem.Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2018; 36: 290-292
- Influence of community pharmacists׳ attitudes on antibiotic dispensing behavior: a cross-sectional study in Portugal.Clin Ther. 2015; 37: 168-177
- Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan.J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005; 8: 326-331
- Nonjudicious dispensing of antibiotics by drug stores in Pratumthani, Thailand.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29: 572-575
- Practice and attitudes regarding the management of childhood diarrhoea among pharmacies in Thailand.Int J Pharm Pract. 2010; 18: 323-331
- Use of standardised patients to assess antibiotic dispensing for tuberculosis by pharmacies in urban India: a cross-sectional study.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 1261-1268
- Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review.Lancet Infect Dis. 2011; 11: 692-701
- Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries.BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 742
- Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration.PLoS Med. 2007; 4: e297
- Meta-analysis in clinical trials.Control Clin Trials. 1986; 7: 177-188
- Impact of a program to reduce the dispensing of antibiotics without a prescription in Spain.Pharm Pract Granada. 2013; 11: 185-190
- Dispensing medications without prescription at Saudi community pharmacy: extent and perception.Saudi Pharm J. 2013; 21: 13-18
- Low sale of antibiotics without prescription: a cross-sectional study in Zimbabwean private pharmacies.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007; 59: 718-726
- Study of over the counter sale of antimicrobials in pharmacy outlets in Pune, India: a cross sectional study.Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013; 4: 616-622
- Initiatives to reduce nonprescription sales and dispensing of antibiotics: findings and implications.J Res Pharm Pract. 2017; 6: 120-125
- Factors associated with carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Vietnamese children: a rural-urban divide.J Health Popul Nutr. 2003; 21: 316-324
- Do Indonesian community pharmacy workers respond to antibiotics requests appropriately?.Trop Med Int Health. 2011; 16: 840-846
- Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study.BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 538
- Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ. 2016; 352: i939
World Health Organisation Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine - 3rd revision 2011. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77376/1/9789241504485_eng.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2017].
- Global epidemiology of campylobacter infection.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015; 28: 687-720
- Penicillin and beta-lactam allergy: epidemiology and diagnosis.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2014; 14: 476
- Impact of over-the-counter restrictions on antibiotic consumption in Brazil and Mexico.PLoS One. 2013; 8: e75550
- Impact of regulatory measures in the trends of community consumption of antibiotics in Chile.Rev Med Chil. 2002; 130: 1265-1272
- Antibiotic use following a Korean national policy to prohibit medication dispensing by physicians.Health Policy Plan. 2005; 20: 302-309
- Fighting antimicrobial resistance: the contribution of pharmacists.International Pharmaceutical Federation, The Hague2015
- Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.Arch Intern Med. 2004; 164: 637-644
- Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a simulated-patient study.Drug Healthc Patient Saf. 2016; 8: 65-70
- Assessment of disease management of acute respiratory tract infection at community pharmacies through simulated visits in Pakistan.Latin Am J Pharm. 2012; 31: 1435-1440
- Dispensing of non-prescribed antibiotics in Jordan.Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015; 9: 1389-1395
- Self-medication with antibiotics in the Republic of Srpska community pharmacies: pharmacy staff behavior.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012; 21: 1130-1133
- Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Greece, 2008: another link in the antibiotic resistance chain.Euro Surveill. 2010; 15 (pii: 19488)
- Pharmacy-based dispensing of antimicrobial agents without prescription in India: appropriateness and cost burden in the private sector.Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015; 4: 55
- Use of antibiotics without medical prescription.Braz J Infect Dis. 2005; 9: 288-291
- The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain.Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 48: 1345-1349
- The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Damascus, Syria.J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011; 5: 396-399
- Treatment of pediatric diarrhea: a simulated client study at private pharmacies of Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India.J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015; 9: 505-511
- Survey on how antibiotics are dispensed in community pharmacies in Albania.Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015; 7: 449-450
- Sale of antibiotics without a prescription at community pharmacies in urban China: a multicentre cross-sectional survey.J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017; 72: 1235-1242
- Client and pharmacist factors affecting practice in the management of upper respiratory tract infection presented in community pharmacies: a simulated client study.Int J Pharm Pract. 2008; 16: 265-270
- Pathways for inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics for rhinosinusitis: a randomized trial.Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 76-82
- Restriction of antibiotic sales in pharmacies in Bogotá, Colombia: a descriptive study.Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2011; 30: 586-591
- STD management by private pharmacies in Hanoi: practice and knowledge of drug sellers.Sex Transm Infect. 2000; 76: 299-302
- Non-prescription sale and dispensing of antibiotics in community pharmacies in Zambia.Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016; 14: 1215-1223
- Evaluating community pharmacy practice in Qatar using simulated patient method: acute gastroenteritis management.Pharm Pract Granada. 2016; 14: 800
- Improving private pharmacy practice: A multi-intervention experiment in Hanoi, Vietnam.J Clin Epidemiol. 2002; 55: 1148-1155
- Non-prescription sale of antibiotics in pharmacies across Puducherry, India.Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2016; 5: 2403-2406
- Injudicious provision of subtherapeutic doses of antibiotics in community pharmacies.Innov Pharm. 2017; 8: 18
- Antibiotics dispensing for URTIs by community pharmacists and general medical practitioners in Penang, Malaysia: A comparative study using simulated patients.J Clin Diagn Res. 2014; 8: 119-123
- Case management of malaria fever at community pharmacies in Pakistan: a threat to rational drug use.Pharm Pract Granada. 2013; 11: 8-16
- Responding to cough presentations: an interview study with Cambodian pharmacies participating in a National Tuberculosis Referral Program.J Eval Clin Pract. 2016; 22: 261-266
- Empirical treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection by community pharmacist in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia.Saudi Med J. 2001; 22: 1105-1108
- Mexican pharmacies and antibiotic consumption at the US-Mexico border.South Med Rev. 2012; 5: 9-19
- Evaluation of rational antibiotic dispensing in the community pharmacy setting: a simulated patient study.Acta Pharm Sci. 2017; 55: 7-16