Journal of Infection
Volume 60, Issue 3 , Pages 200-208 , March 2010

Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the pre-conjugate vaccine era: England and Wales, 1996–2006

  • Caroline L. Trotter

      Affiliations

    • Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +44 117 928 7220.
    • ,
  • Pauline Waight

      Affiliations

    • Immunisation Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
    • ,
  • Nick J. Andrews

      Affiliations

    • Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
    • ,
  • Mary Slack

      Affiliations

    • Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
    • ,
  • Androulla Efstratiou

      Affiliations

    • Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
    • ,
  • Robert George

      Affiliations

    • Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK
    • ,
  • Elizabeth Miller

      Affiliations

    • Immunisation Department, Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, Colindale, London, UK

,Accepted 15 December 2009.

References 

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  2. Begum F, Pebody R. Annual pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine uptake report in 65 years old and over for England. Department of Health; 2008;Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1216711845635[accessed 16.07.09]
  3. Chief Medical Officer . Planned changes to the routine childhood immunisation schedule. Department of Health; 2006;Available from http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Lettersandcirculars/Dearcolleagueletters/DH_4128120[accessed 16.07.09]
  4. Sheppard CL, Harrison TG, Kearns AM, Guiver M, Creek M, Evans R, et al. Diagnosis of invasive pneumococcal infection by PCR amplification of Streptococcus pneumoniae genomic fragments in blood: a multi-centre comparative study. Commun Dis Public Health. 2003;6(3):221–227
  5. Health Protection Agency . Protocol for the clinical management of cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children targeted for routine or catch-up vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevenar™). Health Protection Agency; 2008;Available from http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947366060[accessed 16.07.09]
  6. Lund E, Henrichsen J. Laboratory diagnosis, serology and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods Microbiol. 1978;12:242–262
  7. Reynolds R, Hope R, Williams L. Survey, laboratory and statistical methods for the BSAC resistance surveillance programmes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(Suppl. 2):ii15–ii28
  8. BSAC Working Party on Susceptibility Testing . BSAC methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 2007;Available from: http://www.bsac.org.uk/_db/_documents/version_6.1.pdf[accessed 16.07.09]
  9. Hussain M, Melegaro A, Pebody RG, George R, Edmunds WJ, Talukdar R, et al. A longitudinal household study of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in a UK setting. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(5):891–898
  10. Ihekweazu CA, Dance DA, Pebody R, George RC, Smith MD, Waight P, et al. Trends in incidence of pneumococcal disease before introduction of conjugate vaccine: south west England, 1996–2005. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;1–7
  11. Johnson AP, Waight P, Andrews N, Pebody R, George RC, Miller E. Morbidity and mortality of pneumococcal meningitis and serotypes of causative strains prior to introduction of the 7-valent conjugant pneumococcal vaccine in England. J Infect. 2007;55(5):394–399
  12. Balmer P, Borrow R, Findlow J, Warrington R, Frankland S, Waight P, et al. Age-stratified prevalences of pneumococcal-serotype-specific immunoglobulin G in England and their relationship to the serotype-specific incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease prior to the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14(11):1442–1450
  13. Jefferson T, Ferroni E, Curtale F, Giorgi RP, Borgia P. Streptococcus pneumoniae in western Europe: serotype distribution and incidence in children less than 2 years old. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(7):405–410
  14. Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, Lynfield R, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(18):1737–1746
  15. Salleras L, Dominguez A. Streptococcus pneumoniae incidence in western Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(4):242–243
  16. Whitney CG, Pilishvili T, Farley MM, Schaffner W, Craig AS, Lynfield R, et al. Effectiveness of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease: a matched case–control study. Lancet. 2006;368(9546):1495–1502
  17. Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, Pilishvili T, Facklam R, Farley MM, et al. Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA. 2005;294(16):2043–2051
  18. Poehling KA, Talbot TR, Griffin MR, Craig AS, Whitney CG, Zell E, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infants before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA. 2006;295(14):1668–1674
  19. Foster D, Knox K, Walker AS, Griffiths DT, Moore H, Haworth E, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease: epidemiology in children and adults prior to implementation of the conjugate vaccine in the Oxfordshire region. England J Med Microbiol. 2008;57(Pt 4):480–487
  20. Brueggemann AB, Peto TE, Crook DW, Butler JC, Kristinsson KG, Spratt BG. Temporal and geographic stability of the serogroup-specific invasive disease potential of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(7):1203–1211

PII: S0163-4453(09)00392-2

doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.12.008

Journal of Infection
Volume 60, Issue 3 , Pages 200-208 , March 2010

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